... thoughts : Chinese Surnames are not Lastnames - What, How and Why?

Chinese Surnames are not Lastnames
- What, How and Why?

They really don't know what to do with names that have surnames in front, do they? I watch with amusement the way surnames are inconsistently listed/reported. Sometimes a Chinese name like Singapore's tabletennis player is listed as Zhang Xueling, and sometimes as Xueling Zhang.

I must commend the recent years sports organisers for they way they no longer insist on throwing Chinese and Korean surnames to the back (lastname) but instead to respect the two cultures. However, admittedly this is creating a little confusion, especially for Chinese names from countries from Singapore and Malaysia where Chinese names have been "westernised" and the surnames thrown to the back. I don't see this in the China Chinese or in the Korean names probably due to the way the names were first submitted to the Olympic committee and hence the "correct" surname placing.

This is really a simple matter of better understanding between the differing cultures. I face this same problem whenever I have to deal with clients from Europe or North America. Despite constant reminders, they still put my surname at the back even on cheques and other such "official" documents, which creates problems for me when I try and cash them or use them in Singapore. This confusing state of affairs has resulted in us having "multiple" versions of our names which we are forced to switch between when dealing with different people and cultures. This is made worse with the use of English names. To use the same example above; if Zhang Xueling had an English name like Jill for instance, a simple Chinese name like Zhang Xue Ling (3 characters) suddenly also becomes Xue Ling Zhang or Jill Zhang Xue Ling or Jill Xue Ling Zhang or Jill Zhang X.L. or Jill X.L. Zhang. And mind you, I've seen all these variants used. To make matters worse, a new and disturbing trend is emerging in Singapore where some locals are starting to have Firstnames, Middlename and Lastnames, throwing centuries of tradition down the rubbish chute. This is exaggerbated by the use of Western First & Middlenames, something like Ester Michelle Chan for example. Why?

I was once greatly insulted when meeting an associate from Australia for the first time. In our introductions, I introduced myself in my Chinese name and he abruptly asked me if I had an English name or some other name that would be easier for him to call me by. I recalled the book "Roots" by Alex Haley and how his ancestor by the name of "Kunta Kinte", brought over to the Americas from Africa as "Black Slaves", repeatedly rejected an English name "Toby" that his Master insisted on calling him by, even to the point of having to bear constant beatings and punishments. Not the least amused, I retorted and asked in return if he had a Chinese name instead of his English one so that I could more easily call him by. He at least had the decency to look appropriately apologetic.

My old university in Canada which prides itself as a "Bridgeway to the Pacific Rim" and champions the concept of the "Global Citizen", rather ironically fails to grasp this simple concept. Decades after my graduation, I'm still struggling with the Alumni office and the University to get my name right. I grit my teeth at every Alumni function and at every meeting with visiting University dignatories.

The problem has deteriorated so badly here in Singapore that people without Western names like me, are sometimes portrayed as backward and made to feel ashamed to use our Chinese names in more formal settings. Apparently, our "backward" Chinese names are only good for the local wet market, hawker centres and in the home. They are not good enough in the international arena.

For long suffering multiple named people like me, it is our greatest hope that the world would just learn how to deal with a surname in front and not require us to move our names around just to suit them. Any Westerner would have balked and screamed bl**dy murder if they had to do that to their names. The problem is made worse by inconsistencies in our own policies. Even Singapore Government forms and websites sometimes require the filling in of Firstnames, Middlenames and Lastnames, probably due to the difficulty in modifying off-the-shelf computer software from the US. Non-Asian religions are also to be blamed because, not only do they preach their religious beliefs, they are also rather intolerant of Asian cultures and values in their practices. The Chinese/Korean name is an integral part of our culture just like a Western name is an integral part of the Western culture. It is indeed a testimony to the open-mindedness of Asian cultures in our abilities to adopt as well as understand different naming conventions in our day to day dealing with other cultures but surely, this is going too far.

Allow me to explain the significance of the Chinese/Korean name. The front surname reflects the importance the Chinese/Korean places on the family above self. The second name, eg. Xue in Zhang Xueling's name, is the generation name which places the person into the correct generation so that we will always know who our brothers/sisters/cousins are and more importantly, who our elders are. Finally comes our personal name, eg. Ling which is the person's "actual" name. Often you will find "Ah Ling" used as a term of endearment or as a term of familiarity between close friends and family. This is because, Ling is her "true" name self. A Chinese/Korean is never called by his/her generation name or surname unless in mock seriousness or in more official settings like in the office.

Unlike in Western cultures, our elders are never called by name. It is both insulting as well as disrespectful. There are numerous honorifics used, which loosely translated would be equivalent to the western Auntie, Uncle, Grandfather etc. However, I must admit, there is a prohibitively large number of honorifics to remember especially when there are two separate sets, one for the mother's side of the family, and another for the father's side of the family, and to make matters worse, dependent on whether the person in question is older or younger in family position to your parent. Luckily, for those who don't know the correct honorific, there is a quick fix solution. When in doubt, the use of the terms Brother, Sister, Auntie, Uncle, Grandmother and Grandfather would suffice, but never, ever the person's actual name unless you are sure he/she is of the same of younger generation than you are and not significantly older than you.

Confused yet? Don't be. My name reflects my culture. It is a product of 5000 years of Chinese history and family traditions. It was given to me by my parents and the meanings inherent in my name reflect the hopes and aspirations of my family. My name is what makes me who I am, and it defines who we are as a people. Don't make me take a Western name or have me change my surname into a lastname just to suit you. I take the trouble to pronounce the names from other cultures properly. Do me the curteousy of learning mine. :-)

My name is Liang Jieming (梁傑明).

Tales of Old China

http://www.talesofoldchina.com/

Party - Christmas Singapore, 2006

The Liang Jieming Private Collection

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Books

(categorised in alphabetical order)

"100 Chinese Gods" Lu Yanguang, Asiapac, 1994

"1421: The Year China Discovered America", Gavin Menzies, William Morrow, 2003

"1434: The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance", Gavin Menzie, William Morrow, 2008

[AAA - AZZ]

"A Brief History of Time", Stephen Hawking, Random House, 2004

“A Military History of China”, David A. Graff and Robin Higham, Westview, 2002

"Against the Odds", Elizabeth Moon, Baen, 2000

"An Account of the Empire of China", Bernardino de Escalante, Ascanio, 1577, Reprint 2008

"Ancient and Medieval Siege Weapons : A Fully Illustrated Guide to Siege Weapons and Tactics", Konstantin Nossov, The Lyons Press, 2005

"Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History", Nicola Di Cosmo, Cambridge University Press, 2005

"Ancient Chinese Armies 1500-200 BC", C.J. Peers, Angus McBride, Osprey, 1990

"Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period" Sarva Daman Singh, Motilal Banarsidass Pub, 2Rev Ed edition, 1990

"Ancient Siege Warfare : Persians, Greeks, Carthaginians and Romans 546-146 BC" (Elite), Duncan Campbell, Adam Hook (Illustrator), Osprey Publishing 2005

"Archery Traditions of Asia", Stephen Selby, Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defense, 2003

"Around The World in Eighty Days", Jules Verne, Penguin, 1994

[BAA - BZZ]

"Band of Brothers", Stephen E. Ambrose, Pocket Books, 2002

"Begin Bridge", G.C.H. Fox, Elliot Right Way Books, 1985

"Being a Girl", Chloe Thurlow, Virgin Nexus, 2007

"Besieged; Siege Warfare in the Ancient World", Duncan B. Campbell, Osprey, 2006

"Between Two Oceans: A Military History of Singapore from Fort Settlements to Final British Withdrawal", Malcolm H. Murfett, John N. Miksic, Brian P. Farrel, Chiang Ming Shun, Oxford University Press, 1999

(Chapters 1 through 4 only)

"Beware the Dragon: China: 1,000 Years of Bloodshed", Erik Durschmied, Andre Deutsch, 2008

"Black Cross", Greg Iles, Penguin Books, 1995

"Black Holes And Baby Universes And Other Essays", Stephen Hawking, Bantam Books, 1993

"Black Market & Hide and Seek", James Patterson, Diamond Books, 2000

"Books of the Dead", Stanislav Grof, Thames and Hudson, 1994

“British & Indian Armies in the East Indies (1685-1935)”, Alan Harfield, Picton Publishing, 1984

[CAA - CZZ]

"Cambridge Illustrated Atlas: Warfare The Middle Ages 768-1487", Nicholas Hooper & Matthew Bennett, Cambridge University Press, 1996

"Can Asians Think?", Kishore Mahbubani, Marshall Cavendish, 2004

"China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries", Morris Rossabi, University of California Press, 1983

"China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia", Peter C. Perdue, Belknap, 2005

"China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty" Charles Benn, Oxford University Press, 2004

"Chinese Ancient Star Map", Hong Kong Space Museum, 2002

"Chinese Civil War Armies 1911-49", Philip Jowett, Stephen Andrew, Osprey, 1997

"Chinese Emperors: From the Xia Dynasty to the Fall of the Qing Dynasty", Ma Yan, Compendium, 2009

"Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity, An Illustrated History", Liang Jieming, Da Pao Publishing (Leong Kit Meng), 2006

"Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century: T'ien-kung K'ai-wu", Sung Ying-hsing, Sun E-Tu Zen & Sun Shiou-Chuan (Translators), Dover Publications, 1997

"Chinese Walled Cities 221 BC-AD 1644 (Fortress), Stephen Turnbull, Osprey, 2009

"Citizen Soldiers", Stephen E. Ambrose, Pocket Books, 2002

"Colonial Armies in Southeast Asia", Tobias Rettig and Karl Hack (Editors), Routledge, 2009

"Controlling the Dragon: Confucian Engineers and the Yellow River in Late Imperial China", Randall A. Dodgen, University of Hawaii Press, 2001

[DAA - FZZ]

"D-Day", Stephen E. Ambrose, Pocket Books, 2002

"Daily Life in China, on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250-1276", Jacques Gernet, Stanford University Press, 1962

"Dracula", Bram Stoker, Penguin, 1994

"Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592-1598", Kenneth M. Swope, University of Oklahoma Press, 2009

"Empire of Dragons", Valerio Massimo Manfredi, Macmillan, 2006

“Entering Space: Creating a Spacefaring Civilization”, Robert Zubrin, Penguin, 2000

"Everyday Life In Early Imperial China: During the Han Period 202 BC-AD 220" Michael Loewe, Eva Wilson (Illustrator), Hackett Publishing, Reprint edition, 2005

"Fighting Ships of the Far East (1) : China & Southeast Asia 202 BC-AD 1419" (New Vanguard), Stephen Turnbull, Wayne Reynolds (Illustrator), Osprey Publishing 2002

"Fighting Ships of the Far East (2) : Japan and Korea AD 612-1639" (New Vanguard), Stephen Turnbull, Wayne Reynolds (Illustrator), Osprey Publishing 2003

“Fighting Techniques of the Oriental World AD 1200-1860: Equipment, Combat Skills and Tactics”, Michael E. Haskew, Christer, Jorgensen, Chris McNab, Eric Niderost, Rob S. Rice, Amber, 2008

"Fire and Water: The Art of Incendiary and Aquatic Warfare in China", Ralph D. Sawyer, Mei-Chun Lee Sawyer, Westview Press, 2004

[GAA - GZZ]

"Gai-jin", James Clavell, Del, 1994

“Genghis Khan's Greatest General: Subotai the Valiant”, Richard A. Gabriel, University of Oklahoma Press, 2006

"Gilgamesh", Stephen Mitchell (Translator), Profile Books, 2005

"Gonzo Gizmos: Projects & Devices to Channel Your Inner Geek", Simon Quellen Field, Chicago Review Press, 2003

"Great Ages of Man: Age of Exploration", Time-Life International, 1979

"Great Ages of Man: Ancient America", Time-Life International, 1984

"Great Ages of Man: Ancient China", Edward H. Schafer, Time-Life International, 1977

"Great Ages of Man: Cradle of Civilization", Sameul Noah Kramer, Time-Life International, 1984

"Great Ages of Man: Early Japan", Jonathan Norton Leonard, Time-Life International, 1984

"Great Ages of Man: Imperial Rome", Moses Hadas, Time-Life International, 1984

"Greek and Roman Artillery 399 BC-AD 363" (New Vanguard), Duncan Campbell, Brian Delf (Illustrator)

"Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical development", E.W. Marsden, Oxford University Press (Clarendon Press), 1999

(Chapter II only)

"Greek and Roman Siege Machinery 399 BC-AD 363", Duncan Campbell, Brian Delf, Osprey, 2003

"Gulliver's Travels", Jonathan Swift, Penguin, 1994

"Gundam Seed 1", Hajime Yatte & Yoshiyuki Tomino, Chuang Yi Publishing, 2004

“Gunpowder”, Clive Ponting, Chatto & Windus, 2005

"Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics : The History of the Explosive The Changed the World", Jack Kelly, Atlantic Books, 2004

[HAA - LZZ]

"Heavenly Creations, Gems of Ancient Chinese Inventions", Hong Kong Museum of History, 1998

"Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine", Alan K.L. Chan, Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy, Singapore University Press, 2001

"Historical Records of the Five Dynasties", Ouyang Xiu, Richard L. Davis (translator), Columbia University Press, 2004

"Holy Blood, Holy Grail", Michael Bangent, Richard Leigh, Henry Lincoln, Dell Publishing, 1983

"Hsing-i Fist and Weapon Instruction" Huang Po-Nien, translated by Chow Hon Huen, 1992 (originally published 1928)

"Imperial Chinese Armies (1) 200BC-AD589", CJ Peers, Osprey, 1995

"Imperial Chinese Armies (2) 590-1260 AD", C.J. Peers, Michael Perry, Osprey, 1996

"In The Ruins of Empire: The Japanese Surrender and the Battle for Postwar Asia", Ronald H. Spector, Random House, 2007

"India, The Challenge of Change", Pranay Gupte, Mandarin Books, 1989

"Invisible Trade", Gerrie Lim, Monsoon Books, 2004

"Invisible Trade II", Gerrie Lim, Monsoon Books, 2008

“Japan's Greatest Victory Britain's Worst Defeat From the Japanese Perspective: The Capture of Singapore, 1942”, Colonel Masanobu Tsuji, Spellmount, 2007

"JG 26: Top Guns of the Luftwaffe", Donald L. Cadwell, Ballantine Books, 1993

"Julius Caesar in Gaul and Britain", Stephen Ridd, Heinemann, 1993

"Jun Da Dao Shu", Huang Honfan & Huang Honchao, translated by Joseph Crandall

"Junzi Jian", 1930

"Kan Dao Shu Lianxi Fa", Yin Yuzhang, 1933

"Knots You Need", Buck Tilton, Morris Book 2008

"Late Imperial Chinese Armies 1520-1840", C.J. Peers, Christa Hook, Osprey, 1997

"Lone Wolf and Cub Vol. 1: The Assassin's Road", Kazuo Koike, Dark Horse Manga, 2000

"Lords of the Rim", Sterling Seagrave, Corgi, 1996

[MAA - OZZ]

"Marco Polo: Journey To The End Of The Earth", Robin Brown, Sutton Publishing, 2007

"May 13: Declassified Documents on the Malaysian Riots of 1969", Kua Kia Soong, Suaran Komunikasi, 2007

"Medieval Chinese Armies 1260-1520", C.J. Peers, Osprey, 1992

"Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900", David A. Graff, Routledge, 2002

"Medieval Combat, A Fifteenth-Century Manual of Swordfighting and Close-Quarter Combat", Hans Talhoffer, Mark Rector (Translator), Greenhill Books, 2004

"Medieval Siege Weapons (1): Western Europe AD 585-1385" (New Vanguard), David Nicolle, Sam Thompson (Illustrator), Osprey Publishing, 2002

"Medieval Siege Weapons (2): "Byzantium, the Islamic World & India AD 476-1526" (New Vanguard), David Nicolle, Sam Thompson (Illustrator), Osprey Publishing, 2003

"Memoirs of a Geisha", Arthur Golden, Vintage 1998

"Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus", John Gray, HarperCollins, 2002

"Mongols", Stephen Turnbull, Angus McBride, Osprey, 1980

"Musashi's Book of Five Rings", Miyamoto Musashi, Stephen F. Kaufman (translator), Tuttle Publishing, 1994

"My Side of History", Chin Peng, Media Masters, 2003

"Mysterious Visitors, The UFO Story", Brinsley Le Poer Trench, Pan Books, 1975

"Naomi", Junichiro Tanazaki, Anthony H. Chambers (Translator), Vintage, 1985

"New Book of Discipline and Effectiveness: Archery", Qi Jiguang

(Chapter 13 only)

"Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party", The Epoch Times, 2004

"On Active Service with the Chinese Regiment: A record of the Operations of the First Chinese Regiment in North China from March to October 1900", A.A.S.Barnes, 1902

"On The Knowledge Possessed By The Ancient Chinese Of The Arabs and Arabian Colonies And Other Western Countries, Mentioned in Chinese Books" E. Bretschneider, Trubner, 1871

"On the Shoulders of Giants: The Great Works of Physics & Astronomy", Foreword by Stephen Hawking, Penguin Books, 2003

"On War", Carl Von Clausewitz, Everyman's Library, 1993

[PAA - PZZ]

"Pegasus Bridge", Stephen E. Ambrose, Pocket Books, 2002

"Penguin Epics: The Legendary Adventures of Alexander the Great", Richard Stoneman (translator), Penguin, 2006

"Penguin Epics: The Voyages of Sindbad", N.J. Dawood (translator), Penguin, 2006

"Penguin Epics: The Fall of Jerusalem", Josephus,  G.A. Williamson (translator), Penguin, 2006

"Penguin Epics: Xerxes Invades Greece", Herodotus, Aubrey De Selincourt (translator), Penguin, 2006

"Penguin Epics: Beowulf", Michael Alexander (translator), Penguin, 2006

"Penguin Great Ideas: Civilization and its Discontents", Sigmud Freud, Penguin, 2005

"Penguin Great Ideas: Common Sense", Thomas Paine, Penguin, 2005

"Penguin Great Ideas: Confucius, The First Ten Books", Confucius, Penguin, 2005

"Penguin Great Ideas: On Natural Selection", Charles Darwin, Penguin, 2005

"Penguin Great Ideas: The Communist Manifesto", Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Gareth Stedman Jones , Penguin, 2006

"Penguin Great Ideas: The Prince", Niccolo Machiavelli, Penguin, 2005

"Penguin Great Ideas: Travels in the Land of Kubilai Khan", Marco Polo, Penguin, 2005

"Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West", Tom Holland, Little Brown, 2005

"Popular Songs and Ballads of Han China", Anne Birrell, University of Hawaii Press, 1993

"Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Advances in Steel and Composite Structures, Sngapore 1 August 2008", Sing-Ping Chiew (Ed.), Nanyang Technological University, 2008

[QAA - RZZ]

"Ramayana Parts 1 to 12", Dreamland Publications

"Reconstruction Designs of Lost Ancient Chinese Machinery (History of Mechanism and Machine Science)", Hong-Sen Yan, Springer, 2007

"Records of the Grand Historian", Sima Qian, Burton Watson (Translator), Columbia University Press 3rd Ed 1995

"Records of the Warring States (Zhan Guo Ce 戰國策總目四百六十\u20845 六篇)", B.S.Bonsall (Translator), 1928-9

"Return of Gonzo Gizmos: More Projects & Devices to Channel Your Inner Geek", Simon Quellen Field, Chicago Review Press, 2006

"Red Star over China", Edgar Snow, Grove Press, 1968

"Rivers of Destiny", Simon Dresner, Aldus, 1971

"Roots", Alex Haley, Pan Books 1977

"Runtuhnya Kerajaan Hindu-Jawa Dan Timbulnya Negara-Negara Islam Di Nusantara", Prof. Dr. Slamet Muljana, LKiS, 2005

"Russia's Heroes 1941-1945", Albert Axell, Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2002

[SAA - SZZ]

"Saudis, Inside the Desert Kingdom", Sandra Mackey, Penguin Books, 1990

"Science and Civilisation in China", Volume 5, Part 6, Joseph Needham & Robin D.S. Yates, Cambridge University Press, 1994

"Science and Civilisation in China", Volume 5, Part 7, Joseph Needham, Cambridge University Press, 1987

"Science in Traditional China", Joseph Needham, Harvard University Press, 1982

"Shanghai Museum : Chinese Coin Gallery", Shanghai Museum

"Shogun", James Clavell, Dell, 1986

"Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300" (New Vanguard), Stephen Turnbull, Wayne Reynolds (Illustrator), Osprey Publishing, 2001

"Siege Weapons of the Far East (2): AD 960-1644" (New Vanguard), Stephen Turnbull, Wayne Reynolds (Illustrator), Osprey Publishing, 2002

“Singapore A 700-Year History – From Early Emporium to World City”, Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng, Tan Tai Yong, National Archives of Singapore, 2009

"Sneaky Uses for Everyday Things", Cy Tymony, Andrews McMeel, 2003

"Sneakier Uses for Everyday Things", Cy Tymony, Andrews McMeel, 2005

"Sneakiest Uses for Everyday Things", Cy Tymony, Andrews McMeel, 2007

"Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC-AD 1840". C.J. Peers

"Sriwijaya, Periodisasi Sejarah", H.M. Arlan Ismail, SH., Unanti Press, 2003

"Star Wars Episode I, The Phantom Menace", Terry Brookes, Del Rey, 1999

"Star Wars Episode II, Attack of the Clones", Salvatore, Del Rey, 2000

"Star Wars Episode III, Revenge of the Sith", Matthew Stover, Del Rey, 2005

"Starship Troopers", Robert A. Heinlein, Ace, 1987

"Summer Snow & Other Yuan Dynasty Stories", retold by Liu Yunbo, Federal Publications, 1991

"Sunzi's Art of War", Sunzi, Wang Xuanming (Translator), Asiapac, ????

[TAA - TZZ]

"Tai-pan", James Clavell, Del, 1986

"Tales from Five Thousand Years of Chinese History (I)", Shanghai Press and Publishing Development Company, 2006"

"Tales from Five Thousand Years of Chinese History (II)", Shanghai Press and Publishing Development Company, 2007"

"Tales from Five Thousand Years of Chinese History (III)", Shanghai Press and Publishing Development Company, 2008"

"Tales from Five Thousand Years of Chinese History (IV)", Shanghai Press and Publishing Development Company, 2008"

"Tales from Five Thousand Years of Chinese History (V)", Shanghai Press and Publishing Development Company, 2009"

"Tales from Five Thousand Years of Chinese History (VI)", Shanghai Press and Publishing Development Company, 2009"

"Tales from the Perilous Realm", J.R.R. Tolkien, HarperCollins, 2002

"Tanks and Artillery", Ian Graham, Silver Dolphin, 2003

"The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People", Stephen R. Covey, Free Press, 2004

"The Aeneid", Virgil, Borders Classics, 2004

"The Ancient World At War", Philip de Souza (Editor), Thames & Hudson, 2008

"The Antipodes Map of the World (Antarctic View) and the Earth's Rotation Simulating Chronographometer (ERSC)", Andrew Pereira, 2001

"The Armies of Angkor: Military Structure and Weaponry of the Khmers", Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h, Orchid Press, 2007

"The Asian Military Revolution From Gunpowder to the Bomb", Peter A. Lorge, Cambridge University Press, 2008

"The Book of the Crossbow", Ralph Payne-Gallwey, Sir, Dover Publications, Reprint 1995

"The Case For Mars, The Plan To Settle the Red Planet And Why We Must", Zubrin, Free Press, 1996

"The Chinese Army 1937-1949 World War II and Civil War", Philip Jowett, Osprey, 2005

"The Chinese Conquest of Songaria", CH Denby Jr, Pei-t'ang press, 1891

"The Clash of Civilizations and Remaking of World Order", Samuel P. Huntington, Free Press, 2002

"The Coldest Winter", David Halberstam, Pan Books, 2009

"The Complete Art of War", Sun-tzu, Sun Pin, Mei-Chun Lee Sawyer, Ralph D. Sawyer (Translator), HarperCollins Publishers, 1996

"The Control of Nature", John McPhee, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990

"The Data Book of Astronomy", Patrick Moore, IOP, 2000

"The Dragon's Nine Sons", Chris Roberson, Solaris, 2008

"The Fellowship of the Ring", J.R.R. Tolkien, HarperCollins, 1999

"The Grand Scribe's Records Volume I: The Basic Annals of Pre-Han China" Ssu-ma Ch'ien, Tsai-fa Cheng, Zongli Lu, William H. Nienhauser, Jr., Robert Reynolds (translators), Indiana University Press, 1994

"The Grand Scribe's Records Volume II: The Basic Annals of Han China" Ssu-ma Ch'ien, Weiguo Cao, Scott W. Galer, William H. Nienhauser, Jr., David W. Pankenier (translators), Indiana University Press, 2002

"The Great Mariner, Zheng He", Huang Yao Chieh, Utopia Press, 2005

"The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery and Invention", Robert K. G. Temple, Prion 1998

"The Genius That Was China, East and West in the Making of the Modern World", John Merson, The Overlook Press, 1990

"The Hobbit", J.R.R. Tolkien, HarperCollins, 1999

"The Illustrated Hitch Hiker's Guide To The Galaxy", Douglas Adams, Orion Publishing, 1994

"The Incas, Empire of Blood and Gold", Carmen Bernand, Gallimard, 1988

"The Illiad", Homer, Borders Classics, 2004

"The Jungle is Neutral: A Soldier's Two-Year Escape from the Japanese Army", F. Spencer Chapman, The Lyons Press, 2003

"The Karate Handbook", Ray Pawlett, D&S Books, 2004

"The Last of the Mohicans", J. Fenimore Cooper, Wordsworth, 1993

"The Last Legion", Valerio Massimo Manfredi, MacMillan, 2003

"The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori", Mark Ravin, Wiley, 2003

"The Lost History of the Aztec & Maya", Charles Phillips, Hermes House, 2005

"The Lost History of the Incas", David M Jones, Hermes House, 2007

"The Malay Dilemma", Mahathir Bin Mohamad, Times, 1970

"The Mind of South Africa", Allister Sparks, Mandarin Paperbacks, 1991

"The Mongol Art of War", Timothy May, Horizon Books, 2007

"The Mongol Empire; World History Series", Mary Hull, Lucent Books, 1998

"The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East", Kishore Mahbubani, Publicaffairs, 2008

"The New Emperors, Mao and Deng", Harrison E. Salisbury, HarperCollins, 1992

"The Odyssey", Homer, Borders Classics, 2004

"The Penguin Atlas of African History", Colin McEvedy, Penguin Book 1995

"The Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy", Jacqueline Mitton, Penguin Books, 1998

"The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Civilizations", John Haywood, Penguid Books, 2005

"The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II", Iris Chang, Penguin, 1998

"The Return of the King", J.R.R. Tolkien, HarperCollins, 1999

"The SAS Handbook Of Living Off The Land", Chris McNab, Silverdale Books, 2003

"The Silmarillion", J.R.R. Tolkien, HarperCollins, 1999

"The Sword and the Scimitar", Ernle Bradford, Pen and Sword, 2004

"The Talisman of Troy", Valerio Massimo Manfredi, Pan Books, 2004

"The Tso Chuan: Selections From China's Oldest Narrative History", Burton Watson (translator), Columbia University Press, 1989

"The Two Towers", J.R.R. Tolkien, HarperCollins, 1999

"The Universe in a Nutshell", Stephen Hawking, Bantam, 2001

"The Wars of the Ancient Greeks", Victor Davis Hanson, Cassell, 1999

"The Way Forward", Dr. Mahathir Bin Mohamad, Orion Publishing Group, 1998

"The West and China since 1500", John S. Gregory, Palgrave Macmillian, 2003

"The West Point Atlas of War: World War II: European Theater", Brigadier General Vincent J. Esposito, Tess Press, 1995"

"The West Point Atlas of War: World War II: The Pacific", Brigadier General Vincent J. Esposito, Tess Press, 1995"

"The Wiles Of War: 36 Military Strategies from Ancient China", Sun Haichen (Translator), Foreign Languages Press, 1993

"Things Chinese", Du Feibao and Du Bai, China Travel & Tourism Press, 2003

"Three Generals of Later Han", Gregory Young, Australian National University, 1984

"Three Kingdoms, A Historical Novel", Luo Guanzhong, Moss Roberts (Translator), Foreign Languages Press, 1994

“Three Unbroken”, Chris Roberson, Solaris, 2009

"Timeline", Michael Crichton, Arrow Books, 2000

"Tokyo Hostess", Clare Campbell, Sphere, 2009

"Travels of Marco Polo", Signet Classics, 2004

"Treasure Island", Robert Louis Stevenson, Penguin, 1994

"Treats to Remember: A Collection of Special Recipes from the UBC Bakeshop", Christine Samson and Allen Leong, UBC Foor Group, 1995

"Tyrant", Valerio Massimo Manfredi, Pan Books, 2005

[UAA - XZZ]

"UBC - A Portrait", Wayne Skene, University of British Columbia, 2007

"Unfinished Tales", J.R.R. Tolkien, HarperCollins, 1998

"Universe", Nicolas Cheetham, Smith Davis, 2006

"Victory, The Epic of World War II 1939-1945", A.K. Macdougall, Five Mile Press, 2005

"Visit the Lourve", Valerie Mettais, Artlys, 2005

"Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm; China in Tigers' Jaws", Lynn A. Struve (translator/editor), Yale University Press, 1993

"War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900-1795", Peter Lorge, Routledge, 2005

"Warriors, Gods & Spirits from Central & South American Mythology", Douglas Gifford, John Sibbick (Illustrator), Eurobook, 1983

"Warriors of Rome: An illustrated military history of the Roman Legions", Michael Simkins, James Field (Illustrator), Blandford, 1990

“Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia 500 B.C. To 1700 A.D.”, Erik Hildinger, Da Capo, 2001

"Water Margin", Shih Nai-An, J.H. Jackson (Translator), Graham Brash, 1981

"Weapons in Ancient China", Yong Hong, Science Press, 1992

“Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Swift Fall, 1415 – 1999”, Arthur Cotterell, Wiley, 2009

“When Asia was the World”, Stewart Gordon, Da Capo Press, 2008

"Whoosh Boom Splat: The Garage Warrior's Guide to Building Projectile Shooters", William Gurstelle, Three Rivers Press, 2007

“Why the West Rules – For Now”, Ian Morris, Profile Books, 2010

"Wild Blue", Stephen E. Ambrose, Pocket Books, 2002

"World in Crisis, the politics of survival at the end of the 20th century", Medecins Sans Frontieres, Routledge, 1997

"Xunzi", Library of Chinese Classics Vols I & II, Zhang Jue & John Knoblock (translators), Hunan People's Publishing House, 1999

"世界军服 (Shijie Junfu)", 崔海源 (Cui Haiyuan) & 方文素 (Fang Wensu), 2004

(Only Chinese army uniforms)

"宋本十\u19968 一家注孙子 (Song Ben Shi Yi Jia Zhu Sun Zi)", Shanghai Guji Chubanshe, 2003

"中国古代兵器图册 (Zhongguo Gudai Bingqi Tuce)", 刘旭 (Liu Xu), 1986

"中国古代军戎服饰 (Zhongguo Gudai Junrong Fushi)", 刘永华 (Liu Yonghua), Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1995

Short Stories

(categorised in alphabetical order)

“Fire in the Lake”, Chris Roberson, 2007

“Mirror of Fiery Brightness”, Chris Roberson, 2008

"O One", Chris Roberson, 2003

"Red Hands, Black Hands", Chris Roberson, 2004

“The Sky is Large and the Earth is Small”, Chris Roberson, 2007

Journal Articles, Academic Papers & Working Papers

(categorised in alphabetical order)

"72 Hours Which Shook the World", The XXth Century, Vol.II (Jan. - Jun., 1942), pp.13-18

"A Bandit-Woman in the Cockpit of Empire: The Life of Fourth Sister Yang", Peter Lorge, (2007)

“A Brief History of Ancient Chinese City Planning”, Wu Liangyong, Kassel, 1985

"A Brief Survey of Defensive Armor Across Asia", Albert E. Dien, Stanford University (2000)

"A General for His Time: Chong Shiheng (985-1045) and the Remilitarization of the North Song State", Paul Jakov Smith, China and Inner Asia Session 45, (Mar., 2009)

“A Note on the Excavations in the Tash-K'irman Oasis", Amelie Kuhrt, Achemenet Novembre, (2002)

"A Study of Early Chinese Armor", Albert E. Dien, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 43, No. 1/2, (1981), pp. 5-66

"Admiral Zheng He and Contemporary Malaysia", Lee Kam Hing, Journal of Malaysian Chinese Studies, Volume 8, (2005) pp. 99-112

"An Ancient Military Contact between Romans and Chinese", Homer H. Dubs, The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 62, No. 3, (1941), pp. 322-330

"An Illustrated Battle-account in the History of the Former Han Dynasty", J.J.L. Duyvendak, T'oung Pao, Vol. 34, (1939), pp. 249-264

"An Outline of the Local Administration of the Later Han Empire", Rafe de Crespigny, Chung Chi Journal 崇基學報, Vol. 7 No. 1 (Nov., 1967), pp. 57-71

“Ancient Chinese Cash Notes - The World's First Paper Money, Parts I & II”, Sandrock, John E., Numismatics 

International 38.12 (Dec., 2003) pp.364-372

"Appllied Field-Allocation Astrology in Zhou China: Duke Wen of Jin and the Battle of Chengpu (632 B.C.)", David W. Pankenier, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 119, No. 2, (Apr., - Jun., 1999), pp. 261-279

"Archimedes and the Invention of Artillery and Gunpowder", D.L. Simms, Technology and Culture, Vol. 28, No. 1, (Jan., 1987), pp. 67-79

"Armor In China Before The Tang Dynasty", Albert E. Dien, Stanford University, (2000)

"Army Life in Seventh-Century China", David A. Graff, Kansas State University, (2007)

"Asian Female Sovereigns and the Empress Wu", Araki Toshio, Joshua A. Fogel (Translator), Sino-Japanese Studies, Vol. 15, (Apr., 2003), pp. 145-147

"Astrology in Ancient China", Joseph Edkins, The China Review, or notes & queries on the Far East, Vol. 14 No. 6 (Jun., 1886), pp.345-351

"Barbarians at the Gate? The Tang Frontier Military and the An Lushan Rebellion," Jonathan Karam Skaff, War and Society, Vol. 18, (2000), pp. 23-35

"Beyond the Central Plain", Cho-yun Hsu, The CUHK Journal of Humanities 中大人文學報, Vol. 1 (Jan., 1997), pp. 78-93

"Building force: Asian origins of twentieth-century military science in Vietnam (1905-54)", Christopher E. Goscha, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 34, (Oct. 1, 2003), pp.535-560

"Burma's China Connection and the Indian Ocean Region", Andrew Selth, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Working Paper No. 377, The Australian National University, (2003)

"Beyond Turtleboats: Siege Accounts From Hideyoshi’s Second Invasion of Korea, 1597-1598", Kenneth M. Swope, Ball State University

"Black Camels and Blazing Bolts: The Bolt-Projecting Trebuchet in the Mamluk Army", Paul E. Chevedden, Mamluk Studies Review, Vol. 8/1, (2004) pp. 227-277

"Byzantines, Avars and the Introduction of the Trebuchet", Stephen McCotter, The Queen's University of Belfast, (2003)

"Cambodia and Its Neighbors in the 15th Century", Michael Vickery, ARI Working Paper, No. 27, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore (Jun., 2004)

"Can China Fight?", Homer Lea, The World Today, Vol.XII, No.2 (Feb., 1907) pp.137-147

"Champa in the Song hui-yao: A Draft Translation", Geoffrey Wade, ARI Working Paper, No. 53, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, (Dec., 2005)

"China and War in the Himalayas, 1792-1793", Mayura Jang Kunwar, The English Historical Review, Vol. 77, No. 303, (Apr., 1962), pp. 283-297

“China and Western Technology in the Late Eighteenth Century”, American Historical Review, Vol. 98,  Number 4, (Oct., 1993), pp. 1525-1544

"China in Tokugawa Foreign Relations: The Tokugawa Bakufu’s Perception of and Attitudes toward Ming-Qing China", Mizuno Norihito, Sino-Japanese Studies, Vol. 15, (Apr., 2003), pp. 108-144

"China’s Decision for War With India in 1962", John W. Garver, New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy, (2006) pp.66-130

"China's Military Power: Shadow Over Central Asia", Stephen J. Blank, Lexington Institute, (Aug., 2006)

"Chinese Burns: Britain in China 1842-1900", Robert Bickers, History Today, (Aug., 2000) pp.10-17

"Chinese Military Power: What Vexes the United States and Why?", Jonathan D. Pollack, Orbis, Foreign Policy Research Institute, (Fall, 2007), pp. 635-650

"Chinese Military Technology And Dai Viet: c. 1390-1497", Sun Laichen, ARI Working Paper, No. 11, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, (Sep., 2003)

"Chinese Support for North Vietnam during the Vietnam War: The Decisive Edge", Bob Seals, (Sep. 23, 2008) 

"Chinese Warfare: The Paradox of the Unlearned Lesson", Ralph D. Sawyer

"Chinese Ways in Warfare", Edited by Frank Kierman and John Fairbank, Harvard University Press, (1974)

· "Varieties of the Chinese Military Experience", John K. Fairbank

· "Phases and Modes of Combat in Early China", Frank A. Kierman, Jr.

· "The Campaigns of Han Wu-ti", Michael Loewe

· "Regional Defense Against the Central Power: The Huai-hsi Campaign, 815-817", Charles A. Peterson

· "Siege and Defense of Towns in Medieval China", Herbert Franke

· "The Poyang Campaign, 1363: Inland Naval Warfare in the Founding of the Ming Dynasty", Edward L. Dreyer

· "The T'u-mu Incident of 1449", Frederick W. Mote

· "Hu Tsung-hsien's Campaign Against Hsu Hai, 1556", Charles D. Hucker

"Civil-Military Coordination in the Bozhou Campaign of the Wanli Era", Kenneth M. Swope, War and Society, Vol. 18, (2000), pp. 49-70

"Crisis and Reformation in the Maritime Kingdom of Southeast Asia: Forces of Instability ad Political Disintegration in Western Burma (Arakan), 1603-1701", Michael W. Charney, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 41, No.2 (Jun., 1998), pp.185-219

"Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: The Indian Ocean and the Maritime Balance of Power in Historical Perspective", Emrys Chew, IDSS Working Paper No.144, (2007)

"Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592-1598", Kenneth M. Swope, The Journal of Military History, Vol. 69, No. 1, (Jan., 2005), pp. 11-41

"de Architectura, Book X", Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, ca. 27 - 23 B.C.

“Defending Singapore 1819-1965: Pointer Specials Supplement” (May, 1996)

· “19th Century Coastal Artillery in Singapore”, Chiang Ming Shun

· “Grand Schemes for Singapore’s Defence in the 19th Century”, Shah Alam

· “Historical Perceptions of Singapore’s Threats and Vulnerabilities 1819-1965”, Kumar Ramakrishna

· "The Fall of Singapore: A Wider Historical Perspective", Wong Lin Ken

· "The Strategy for the Defense of Singapore, 1919-1938", Dr. Ong Chit Chung

"Defensive Structures and Construction Materials in Song City Walls", Huang Kuan-Chung, Wen-yi Chen (translator), Peter Lorge (translator), Tracy G. Miller (translator), Journal of Sung-Yuan Studies 31 (2001)

"Dogs and Horses in Ancient China", Carole Morgan, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 14 (1974 ), pp. 58-67 

"Early Chinese Settlement Policies towards the Nomads", Pan Yihong, Asia Major, 3rd series, Vol. V, Part 2, (1992), pp.41-77

"Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling: being the Chronicle of Later Han for the years 157 to 189 AD as recorded in Chapters 54 to 59 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang", translated and annotated by Rafe de Crespigny, Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No. 12, The Australian National University, (1989)

"Forests and Warfare in World History", J.R. McNeill, Georgetown University

"Fortress Singapore", P.K. Yeoh, FORT 7, (1979), pp.13-51

"Generals of the South: the foundation and early history of the Three Kingdoms state of Wu", Rafe de Crespigny, Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No. 16, The Australian National University, (1990)

"Government and Geography of the Northern Frontier of Later Han, being Chapter 1 of Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han Empire", Rafe de Crespigny. Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No. 4, The Australian National University, (1984)

"Historical Perspectives on the Introduction of the Chariot into China", Edward L. Shaughnessy, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 48, No. 1, (Jun., 1988), pp. 189-237

"Hybrid Identities in the Fifteenth-Century Straits of Malacca", Anthony Reid, ARI Working Paper, No. 67, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore (May, 2006)

"Ideology and Military Effectiveness: Chinese Mentalities in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895",Chien-Chi Wang, Masters Dissertations, Volume 4 Part 2: 2006-07

"Institutions, Families, Communities: Towards a social history of the Ming military in southeast China", Michael Szonyi, Harvard University, CHINA AND INNER ASIA SESSION 45, (2009)

"Japan - The Tiny Dwarf? Sino-Japanese Relations from the Kangxi to the Early Qianlong Reigns", Angela Schottenhammer, ARI Working Paper, No. 106, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore (Jun., 2008)

“Joseph Needham and The History of Indian Technology”, Indian Journal of History and Science, 35.3 (2000), pp. 245-274

"Kowloon Walled City: Its Origin and Early History", Elizabeth Sinn, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 27, (1987) pp.30–31

"Ladies of the Court of Emperor Huan of Han", Rafe de Crespigny, (Feb., 2004)

"Later Han Civil Administration; being the Chronicle of Later Han for the years 157 to 189 AD", Rafe de Crespigny. Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No. 12, The Australian National University, (1989)

"Later Han Military Organisation; being the Chronicle of Later Han for the years 189 to 220 AD", Rafe de Crespigny, Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No. 21, The Australian National University, (1996)

"Magnetic Anisotropy Of Laboratory Materials In Which Magma Flow Is Simulated", Leong Wing-Fatt and Frank D. Stacey, Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Dec., 1966), pp. 78-80

"Man from the Margin: Cao Cao and the Three Kingdoms", Rafe de Crespigny, The Fifty-first George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology, (1990)

"Mao Tse-tung and Operational Art During the Chinese Civil War", Thomas P.Reilly, Monograph Report, (MAY 21, 1998)

"Medieval Warfare: How to Capture a Castle with Siegecraft", Lise Hull, The Quarterly Journal of Military History, (Spring, 2004)

"Medieval Warfare: The Unfriendly Interface", David Nicolle, The Journal of Military History, Vol. 63, No. 3, (Jul., 1999), pp. 579-599

"Meritorious Cannibal: Chang Hsun's Defense of Sui-yang and the Exaltation of Loyalty in an Age of Rebellion", David A. Graff, Asia Major, 3rd Ser., Vol. 8, (1995), pp. 1-16

"Military Campaigns against Yunnan: A Global Analysis", Bin Yang, ARI Working Paper, No. 30, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore (Sep., 2004)

"Military Families and Southern Song Court - The Lu Case", Fan Cheng-Hua, Journal of Sung-Yuan Studies 33, National Taiwan University, (2003) pp. 49-70

"Military Operations in the Han Period", Michael Loewe, China Society Occasional Papers No. 12, The China Society, London, (1961)

"Ming China and Southeast Asia in the 15th Century: A Reappraisal", Geoff Wade, ARI Working Paper, No. 28, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, (Jul., 2004)

"Ming Chinese colonial armies in Southeast Asia", Geoff Wade, Colonial Armies in Southeast Asia, Routledge, ( 2006) pp. 73-104

“Ming-Qing Border Defence, the Inward Turn of Chinese Cartography, and Qing Expansion in Central Asia in the Eighteenth Century”, Benjamin A. Elman, The Chinese State at the Borders, (2007), pp. 29-56

"Modern Military Technology in Counterinsurgency Warfare: The Experience of the Nationalist Army during the Chinese Civil War", Victor Shiu Chiang Cheng, Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies Working Paper No. 20, Lund University, (2007)

"Modern War in Ancient China", T. F. Hsu, The XXth Century, Vol. I (Oct-Dec., 1941), pp. 57-62

"Mongol Intentions towards Japan in 1266: Evidence from a Mongol Letter to the Sung", Kenneth W. Chase, Sino-Japanese Studies, Vol. 9 Issue No. 2, (Nov., 1990), pp. 13-23

"Mongol Responses to Christianity in China: A Yuan Dynasty Phenomenon", Li Tang, ARI Working Paper, No. 63, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore (Apr., 2006)

"Mountain Fortress Defence: The Experience of the Southern Song and Korea in Resisting the Mongol Invasions", Huang K'uan-chung, David Wright (Translator), Warfare in Chinese History, (2000) pp. 222-251

"On The Knowledge Possessed By The Ancient Chinese Of The Arabs and Arabian Colonies And Other Western Countries, Mentioned in Chinese Books" E. Bretschneider, Trubner, 1871

"On the Origin of Rockets", Jixing Pan, T'oung Pao, Vol. 73, (1987), pp. 2-15

“On the Spur: Evidence from Serapong Battery, Fixed Defences of Singapore”, The Coast Defense Journal, Vol.21, Issue 1 (Feb., 2007), pp. 4-20

"Piracy on the China Coast", A. D. Blue, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 5 (1965 ), pp. 69-85

"Resolving Border Disputes in the Asia-Pacific Region", Irina Komissina and Azhdar Kurtov, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. XV, No.1, (Spring 2003) pp.131-154

"Ryukyu in the Ming Reign Annals 1380s-1580s", Geoffrey Wade, ARI Working Paper, No. 93, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, (Jul., 2007)

"Secrets of Lock Picking", Steven Hampton, (1987)

"Shuihu zhuan and the Military Subculture of the Northern Song 960-1127", Paul Jakov Smith, Haverford College, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 66.2, (Dec., 2006), pp. 363-422

"Siegecraft: Two Tenth Century Instruction Manuals by Heron of Byzantium", Denis F. Sullivan, Dumberton Oaks Papers 36, (2000)

"Sino-Russian Border Relations, 1850-1860", George H. C. Wong & Allan B. Cole, Chung Chi Journal, Vol. 5 No. 2 (1966 May), pp. 109-125

"Some Aspects of Chinese Science Before the Arrival of the Jesuits", George H. C. Wong, Chung Chi Journal, Vol. 2 No. 2 (1963 May), pp. 169-180

"Some Aspects of the Urban Geography of the Chinese Hsien Capital", Sen-Dou Chang, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 51, No. 1, (Mar., 1961), pp. 23-45

"Southeast Asia: Major Power Playground or Finishing School?", Ron Huisken, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Working Paper No. 408, Australian National University, (Apr., 2008)

"Southern Migration of the Sung Dynasty", John C. Ferguson, Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol.LV, (1924), pp.14-27

"Southern Song Mountain Fortress Defense", Liang Jieming, Journal of the Ancient China Research Society, Paper No.1, (Oct., 2009)

"Strategemata", Sextus Julius Frontinus, ca. A.D. 40 - 103

"Strategy and Contingency in the Tang Defeat of the Eastern Turks, 629-630", David A. Graff, Warfare in Inner Asian History (500-1800), Handbook of Oriental Studies/Handbuch Der Orientalistik, (Dec 1, 2001), pp. 33-71

"Studies in Medieval Chinese Siegecraft: The Siege of Fengtian A.D. 783", Benjamin E. Wallacker, Journal of Asian History, Vol. 33, (1999), pp. 185-193

"Studies in Medieval Chinese Siegecraft: The Siege of Ying-ch'uan A.D. 548-549", Benjamin E. Wallacker, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3, (May, 1971)

"Studies in Medieval Chinese Siegecraft: The Siege of Yu-pi A.D. 546", Benjamin E. Wallacker, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 28, No. 4, (Aug., 1969)

"The An Lu-shan Rebellion and Origins of Chronic Militarism in Late T'ang China", Essays on T'ang Society: The Interplay of Social and Political and Economic Forces, ed. J.C.Perry and B.L.Smith, Leiden, (1976)

"The Art of War in World History from Antiquity to the Nuclear Age", University of California Press, 1994

· "Maxims (1), Maxims (2) & Geopolitics", Napoleon Bonaparte, (ca. 1804-1823)

· "On War", Sa'di, (1257-1258)

· "Principles of War", Ibn Hudhayl Al-Andalusi, (14th century A.D.)

· "Rules of Desert Warfare", Erwin Rommel, (1943)

· "Tank Attack", Heinz Guderian, (1952)

· "The Army of the Future", Charles De Gaulle, (1934)

· "The Battle of Crecy", Jean Froissart, (ca. 1361-1369)

· "The Battle of Kadesh", The Kadesh Inscription, (ca. 1295 B.C.)

· "The Book of Lord Shang; The Method of Warfare", Shang Yang, (4th century B.C.)

· "The Conquest of Delhi", Timur, (ca. 1398)

· "The Conquest of Hindustan", Babur, (1526-1530)

· "The General", Onasander, (1st century A.D.)

· "The Perfection of the French Artillery", Francesco Guicciardini, (ca. 1537-1540)

· "The Six-Fold Policy", Kautilya, (ca. 4th century B.C.)

· "War and Colonization in the East", Adolf Hitler, (27 Jul., 1941)

· "War and the Germans", Tacitus, (ca. A.D. 117)

"The Battle of Huo-i", David A. Graff, Asia Major, 3rd Ser., Vol. 5, (1992), pp. 33-55

"The Battle of Sekigahara", Hermann Bohner, The XXth Century, Vol.VI (Jan. - Jun., 1944), pp.283-289

"The Battle of Talas", Barry Hoberman, Saudi Aramco World, (Sep/Oct., 1982), pp. 26-31

"The Chinese Conquest of Songaria", CH Denby Jr, Pei-t'ang press, 1891

"The Circulation of Military Technology in the Mongolian Empire", Thomas T. Allsen, Warfare in Inner Asian History (500-1800), Handbook of Oriental Studies/Handbuch Der Orientalistik, (Dec 1, 2001), pp. 265-293

"The City-State in Ancient China", Robin D.S. Yates

"The City Under Siege: Technology and Organization as Seen in the Reconstructed Text of the Military Chapters of Mo-tzu", Robin D.S. Yates, Harvard University, (1980) (35mm Microfilm and Loose Bind)

"The Deification of Heroes Following the Struggle by the Vassal State of Chou to Overthrow the Shang Dynasty", Keith Stevens, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 38 (1998), pp. 173-185

"The Development of Iron and Steel Technology in China", Joseph Needham, The Newcomen Society, (1964)

"The Division and Destruction of the Xiongnu Confederacy in the first and second centuries AD, [Turkish: "Hun Konfederasyonu'nun Blnmesi ve Yikilmasi"], Rafe de Crespigny, The Turks [Yeni TrkiyeMedya Hismetleri-Murat Ocak], Ankara (2002)

"The Dunhuang Chinese Sky: A Comprehensive Study of the Oldest Known Star Atlas", Jean-Marc Bonnet-Bidaud, Françoise Praderie, Susan Whitfield, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, Vol. 12, No. 1, (2009) pp.39-59

"The Early Development of Firearms in China", L. Carrington Goodrich and Feng Chia-Sheng, ISIS, Vol. 36, No. 2, (1946), pp. 114-123

"The Emergence of China as a Sea Power During the Late Sung and Early Yuan Periods", Jung-Pang Lo, The Far Eastern Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 4 Special Number on Chinese History and Society, (Aug., 1955), pp 489-503

"The Four Books for Women: Ancient Chinese texts for the education of women", Zhang Mingqi, Asian Review, Vol. 1, (1987)

"The Glories of Sogdiana", Albert E. Dien

"The Guns of Constantinople", Roger Crowley, Military History Magazine, (Sep., 2007)

"The History of the Crossbow, Illustrated from Specimens in the United States National Museum", C. Martin Wilbur, Smithsonian Institution Annual Report, (1936), pp. 427-438

& "Again the Crossbow Trigger Mechanism", A.F.P. Hulsewe, T'oung Pao, Vol. 64, (1978), p. 254

"The Horse in Early Chinese Military History", Robin D.S. Yates, Academia Sinica, (2002), pp. 1-78

"The Inner Asian Warriors", Denis Sinor, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol.101, (1981), pp. 133-144

"The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet: A Study in Cultural Diffusion", Paul E. Chevedden, Dumberton Oaks Papers 54, (2000)

"The Judicial System and Governance in Traditional China", He Weifang, The Rule of Law: Perspective from the Pacific Rim, Mansfield Dialogues in Asia, (Oct., 2000), pp. 91-100

"The Korean War: An Interpretative Essay", Yonosuke Nagai, The Japanese Journal of American Studies, No. 1, (1981), pp. 151-174

"The Malay Founder of Medieval Malacca", R. O. Winstedt, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 

University of London, Vol. 12, No. 3/4, (1948), pp. 726-729

"The Manchu Conquest of China", Williams, Frederick Wells, Journal of  Race Development, vol. 4, No.2 (October, 1913), pp. 152-167.

"The Ming shi Account of Champa", Geoffrey Wade, ARI Working Paper, No. 3, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore (Jun., 2003)

“The Ming Shi-lu as a source for Southeast Asian History”, Geoff Wade, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore (2005)

"The Mohists on Warfare: Technology, Technique, and Justification", Robin D.S. Yates, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, XLVII.3 Thematic Issue S, (Sep., 1980), pp. 549-603

"The Mongol Conquest of Dali: The Failed Second Front", John E. Herman, Warfare in Inner Asian History (500-1800), Handbook of Oriental Studies/Handbuch Der Orientalistik, (Dec 1, 2001), pp. 295-334

"The Origin of Ju and Mo", Fung Yu-lan, Chinese Political and Social Science Review, (1935)

"The Origin of West African Crossbows", Henry Balfour, Journal of the Royal African Society, Vol. 8, No. 32, (Jul., 1909)

"The Ottomans in Southeast Asia", Anthony Reid, ARI Working Paper, No. 36, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore (Feb., 2005)

"The Perfected Warrior and the Military during Song Times ", Shin-yi Chao, Rutgers University 

"The Reconstruction of a Chou Dynasty Weapon", E. Morton Grosser, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 23, No. 2 (1960), pp. 83-94

"The Rise of Early Chinese Empire and Patterns of Chinese History", Dingxin Zhao, (Jan. 28, 2004)

"The Rise of Tambralinga and the Southeast Asian Commercial Boom in the Thirteenth Century", Fukami Sumio, XIV International Economic History Congress, Helsinki 2006, Session 72

"The Road to the "War of Greater East Asia"", K.H. Abshagen, The XXth Century, Vol.II, (Jan. - Jun., 1942), pp.5-10

"The Role of the Horse in Chinese History", H.G. Creel, The American Historical Review, Vol. 70, No. 3 (Apr., 1965), pp. 647-672

"The Spring and Autumn Period", Cho-yun Hsu, The Cambridge History of Ancient China from the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C., Loewe & Shaughnessy, (1999), pp. 545-586

"The Stirrup and its Effect on Chinese Military History", Albert E. Dien, Ars Orientalis, Vol. 16 (1986), pp. 33-56

"The Story of Chang K'ien, China's Pioneer in Western Asia: Text and Translation of Chapter 123 of Ssi-Ma Ts'ien's Shi-Ki" Friedrich Hirth, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 37, (1917), pp. 89-152

"The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: a history of China in the Third Century AD", Rafe de Crespigny, East Asian History, The Australian National University, Canberra no. 1 (Jun., 1991), pp. 1-36, & no. 2 (Dec., 1991), pp. 143-164

"The Traction Trebuchet: A Reconstruction of an Early Medieval Siege Engine", W.T.S. Tarver, Technology and Culture, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Jan., 1995), pp 136-167

"The Trebuchet", Paul E. Chevedden, Les Eigenbrod, Vernard Foley and Werner Soedel, Scientific American, (1995)

"The Uighur-Chinese Conflict of 840-848", Michael R. Drompp, Warfare in Inner Asian History (500-1800), Handbook of Oriental Studies/Handbuch Der Orientalistik, (Dec 1, 2001), pp. 73-103

"The Warring States (473-221 B.C.) - The Modern Period in Ancient China", Lei Hai-tsung, War Area Service Corps, (1943)

"The Yang Family of Generals", Keith Stevens and Jennifer Welch, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 37 (1998 ), pp. 39-61

"The Zheng He Voyages: A Reassessment", Geoff Wade, ARI Working Paper, No. 31, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore (Oct., 2004)

“Traditional Military Thinking and the Defensive Strategy of China”, Lieutenant General Li Jijun, Letort Paper No. 1, (Aug., 1997)

"To Establish Peace: being the Chronicle of the Later Han dynasty for the years 189 to 220 AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang [volume 1: Chapters 59-63, 189-200]", translated and annotated by Rafe de Crespigny. Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No. 21, The Australian National University, (1996)

"Turning the Tide: The Strategic and Psychological Significance of the Liberation of Pyongyang in 1593", Kenneth M. Swope, War and Society, Vol. 21, (2003), pp. 1-22

"War and Peace in Early Modern East Asia: Hierarchy and Legitimacy in International Systems", Kang, David C., Working Paper No. 25, Research Group in International Security, (October 2008) 

"War Elephants in Ancient and Medieval China", Edward H. Schafer, Oriens, Vol. 10, No. 2, (Dec. 31, 1957), pp. 289-291

"War in the early modern world", Edited by Jeremy Black, University of Exeter (1999)

· "Introduction", Jeremy Black

· "Warfare at sea 1450-1815", Jan Glete

· "Warfare in Japan 1467-1600", Paul Varley

· "War and warfare in China 1450-1815", Peter Lorge

· "Warhorse and gunpowder in India ca. 1000-1850", Jos Gommans

· "Warfare, slave trading and European influence: Atlantic Africa 1450-1800", John Thornton

· "Ottoman war and warfare 1453-1812",  Virginia Aksan

· "European warfare 1450-1815", Peter Wilson

· "War, politics and the conquest of Mexico", Ross Hassig

· "European-Native American warfare in North America 1513-1815, Armstrong Starkey

"Warring States Political History", Mark Edward Lewis, The Cambridge History of Ancient China from the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C., Loewe & Shaughnessy, (1999), pp. 587-650

"Water supply of the cities in ancient China", P.Du and H.Chen, Water Science & Technology: Water Supply Vol.7, No.1, (2007), pp.173-181

"Weaponry: The Trebuchet", Scott Farrell, The Quarterly Journal of Military History, (Autumn, 2006)

"Weapons of the China Wars", Richard J. Garrett, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 38 (1998) pp.107-119 

"Western Cultural Innovations in China, 1200 B.C.", Edward L. Shaughnessy, Sino-Platonic Papers, Issue No. 11, (Jul., 1989)

“When Asia was one”, Nayan Chanda, Global Asia, Vol.1. No.1, pp. 58-68

"Yi Said, Li Said: Perspectives on the End of the First Greater East Asian War", Kenneth M. Swope, Ball State University (2005)

[END]

Travel - Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Fujiyama, Hakone & Kyoto) December 2006

Tokyo - Disneyland, Shinjuku, Sensoji (Asakusajinja), Akihabara, Ebisu, Shibuya, Harajuku, Snoopytown, Fukugawa Edo Museum, Imperial Palace
Chiba
Fujiyama
Hakone
Kyoto - Nijo Castle, Kyoto Imperial Palace, Kiyomizudera, Heianjinja

Commentary Impressions...
"Harajuku... kawaii ne!"
"Throwing stars are NOT allowed into Singapore."
"Temples, temples everywhere!"
"Everything is soooo affordable."
"Wah... sushi here is cheaper than in Singapore!"